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991.
Anne-Marie?DelortEmail author Bruno?Combourieu Nicolas?Haroune 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2003,1(4):209-213
This article presents a short overview of selected recent papers using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to investigate interactions between organic pollutants and soil components such as organic matter, clays, whole soils, and sediments. First, we describe solid state cross polarisation magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) experiments as the main tools to investigate covalent bonds. Second, we report NMR approaches allowing us to assess molecule mobility and to characterise non-covalent interactions. Those approaches include correlations between K
oc
values and soil organic matter functions determined by CP-MAS, 2H NMR fingerprints, relaxation time measurements, 19F and 1H high resolution (HR)-MAS experiments. 相似文献
992.
An estimate of heavy metals emissions to the atmosphere due to the projected changes in the Brazilian energy generation fuel
matrix is presented. Present use of fossil fuel combustion for energy production is projected to increase from the present
14.5% to 29.6% of the total energy generation in Brazil in 2005. Most of this increase will be based on coal- and natural-gas-burning
plants. The changes will result in an increase of about 100% in the average emissions (in tons year−1) of As (9.4 to 17.7), Cr (7.0 to 16.6) and Hg (2.4 to 4.1), 50% of Cd (1.2 to 1.8), and 20% of Ni (101 to 123) and Pb (23.3
to 29.9). Although relatively small for most heavy metals when compared to other industrial sources, the changes in the energy
matrix will be particularly important for Hg, reaching a maximum emission of 12 tons (t) year−1, representing 15% of the total emissions of Hg to the atmosphere in Brazil. The use of Brazilian coals and the location of
most coal-burning plants in a relatively small region in the south of the country strongly suggest that monitoring programs
should be implemented during the building of the new plants. At a regional level the expected increase in Hg emissions to
the atmosphere due to coal burning in Brazil, although small relative to North America and Europe, will equal the total amount
estimated for South and Central America. 相似文献
993.
994.
藻类生物技术在水环境保护中的应用前景探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
简要综述了藻类生物技术在水污染生态毒理学和污水生物净化方面的研究成果及应用实例,同时对其研究前景进行了探讨。应用藻类生物检测技术对重金属、农药、有机污染物、有毒有害废弃物等的毒性评价结果证明,一些二价重金属阳离子对藻类的毒性顺序大致为Hg~(2+),Cd~(2+),Cu~(2+),Ni~(2+)和 Zn~(2+);酚类、酯类和芳烃类有机污染物对藻类生长的抑制作用十分显著;农药对藻类的毒害作用主要通过破坏藻类生物膜的结构和功能而抑制藻类的光合作用、呼吸作用和固氮作用。有关藻类污水处理的研究资料显示,阳光的强弱,污水在系统内的停留时间,藻类生物量的多寡是确保藻类污水处理效果的关键。 相似文献
995.
996.
Il Won Seo 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(5):811-822
ABSTRACT: The non-Fickian nature of the longitudinal dispersion in natural channels during low flow has been investigated using both laboratory experiments and the numerical solution of the proposed mathematical model which is based on a set of mass balance equations describing the dispersion and mass exchange mechanisms. Laboratory experiments, which involved collection of channel geometry, hydraulic, and dye dispersion test data, were conducted to obtain sets of experimental data on a model of four pool and riffle sequences in a 161-ft long tilting flume in the Hydrosystems Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The experimental results indicate that flow over the model pool-riffle sequences is highly nonuniform. Concentration-time curves are significantly skewed with long tails. The mixing and dispersion in the laboratory channel was simulated using a numerical solution of the mathematical model in which the finite difference method developed by Stone and Brian (1963) was used as a solution technique. The comparison between measured and predicted concentration-time curves shows that there is a good level of agreement in the general shape, peak concentration, and time to peak. The proposed model shows significant improvement over the conventional Fickian model in predicting dispersion processes in natural channels under low flow conditions. 相似文献
997.
Chin Y. Kuo Kelly A. Cave G. V. Loganathan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(1):125-132
ABSTRACT: A “user-friendly” computer program has been developed for application in personal computers for preliminary design, evaluation, and cost effectiveness analysis of various best management practice (BMP) measures to control stormwater quantity and quality. The algorithms utilize the SCS TR-55 method for calculating runoff hydrographs for a single storm event and a first order pollutant washoff equation to generate pollutographs. Sensitivity analyses based on different policy scenarios is performed on a hypothetical watershed for the purpose of illustration. Three types of BMP measures, namely detention ponds (dry, wet, and extended wet ponds), infiltration trenches, and porous pavements are considered. It is found that the extended wet ponds have the best cost effective performance of the measures evaluated. 相似文献
998.
Harry I. Nightingale 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(2):197-205
ABSTRACT: The chemical impact of urban runoff water on water quality beneath five retention/recharge basins was investigated as part of the US EPA's Nationwide Urban Runoff Program in Fresno, California. Soil water percolating through alluvium soils and the ground water at the top of the water table were sampled with ceramic/Teflon vacuum water extractors at depths up to 26 m during the two-year investigation. Inorganic and organic pollutants are present in the runoff water delivered to the basins. No significant contamination of percolating soil water or ground water underlying any of the five retention/recharge basins has occurred for constituents monitored in the study. The oldest basins was constructed in 1962. The concentration of selected trace elements in the ground water samples was similar to the levels reported in the regional ground water. None of the pesticides or other organic priority pollutants, for which water samples were analyzed, was s̊ detected except diazinon which was found in trace amounts (0.3 μg/L or less) in only three soil water samples. These results are important to the continued conservation of storm water and the development of a best management practice for storm-water management using retention/recharge basins in a semi-arid climate. 相似文献
999.
四川省南充市大气中多环芳烃的分布 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
用超声波萃取,抽滤,减压蒸发浓缩,硅胶柱净化,再逍缩至干,定客溶解的方法处理了南充市5个监测点冬,夏季乘集的大气颗粒物样品,然后用高效液相色谱法分析其中9种多环芳烃含量,大气中苯并[a]芘的年平均含量为31.5ng/m3,略低于成都市1988年测定的年平均值,南充市大气中多环芳烃的主要来源是居民生活用煤,其次是汽车尾气,改变燃料结构,集中供热,加强城市交通管理,是减少多环芳烃污染的途径。 相似文献
1000.
本地区为季风型、山地型和中纬多灾型的混合型多灾区,有七类32种大气灾害、五类28种大气灾链。在本区,受灾的面积和人口、死人、经济损失和灾种之最,皆推大气灾害,尤以旱灾类最重,其次是暴雨类。从主导的灾害类型、类、种的角度,将本地区划分成2大区、9区、12亚区和5小区。近500年来,大旱、大涝平均每22.2年发生一次。 相似文献